Fundamentals of microwave, infrared, Raman, and electronic spectroscopy. Laser-based diagnostic techniques for measurements of species concentration, temperature, pressure, velocity, and other flow field properties. Topics: rotational, vibrational, and electronic transition frequencies; spectral line shapes and line-broadening mechanisms; nuclear spin effects; electronic spectra of atoms and molecules; absorption; emission; laser induced fluorescence (LIF); Rayleigh and Raman scattering methods; Mie theory; laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV); applications and case studies. Laser Diagnostics for Thermal Engineering.